即时合成Zn-Mg-Al层状双氢氧化物处理含Zn2+废水实验研究     

樊明德  陈天虎  刘景丽  王健  宋垠先 《矿物学报》2006,26(3):261-266

在模拟含Zn2 废水中加入Mg2 和Al3 ,以NaOH为沉淀剂,研究金属盐水解即时合成层状双氢氧化物(LDH)去除Zn2 的可行性。详细探讨了体系终点pH值、配料中Mg2 /Zn2 摩尔比值及反应温度和时间对Zn2 去除率的影响,结合X射线衍射分析(XRD)探讨了Zn2 去除机理,并与化学沉淀法进行了比较。结果表明,实验条件下只有pH值显著影响Zn2 去除率(p<0.05),在9.0~11.0范围内去除效果最佳,达99%以上。通过XRD分析结合即时合成法特点,废水中Zn2 主要是在晶体生成阶段以Zn-Mg-Al三元LDH化合物形式被去除的。与化学沉淀法相比,即时合成法效果更好,适用pH值范围更广,用来处理含Zn2 废水更具优势。  相似文献   

气象服务经济效益的一种客观计算方法   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

戴有学郭志芳  代淑媚王芳 《气象科技》2006,34(6):741-744

介绍了一种将预报服务经验和数学统计相结合,客观计算预报服务经济效益的方法。该方法把用户依据预报服务采取对策后遭受的损失,比不依据预报服务遭受损失少的部分看作是预报服务的直接经济效益,并通过对用户调查研究和分析试验确定各种天气防范指标,应用统计分析方法建立对应天气强度防范指标下损失比的计算模型。该计算方法理论根据明确,计算步骤简单,计算结果误差较小,用户普遍能够予以认可和接受。经过近3来实际应用,效果较好。  相似文献   

Seasonal variations and environmental control of water use efficiency in subtropical plantation     

《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,(Z2)

To understand the seasonal variations of water use efficiency (WUE) of coniferous plantation in the subtropical monsoon area, the experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2004 which presented two distinguished climatic conditions (severe summer drought in 2003 and normal climatic condition in 2004). The water stress influenced WUE greatly, which caused a special seasonal WUE pattern. WUE reached the minimum in summer drought and the maximum in winter, which was contrary to the variation of gross primary production (GPP) and canopy evaporation (Fw). In winter, GPP and Fw increased along with the increasing of air temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), with the similar increasing rate. However, in drought summer, there was an adverse trend among GPP/Fw and air temperature and VPD, and the decreasing rate of GPP was far larger than that of Fw. In summer, the conservation of WUE was changed because of the environmental factors, resulting in the decreasing WUE. The photosynthesis and transpiration of vegetation were mainly controlled by the environmental factors in winter, and the impact of stomatal regulation was relatively weak. In summer, Fw was mainly controlled by the stomatal closure and GPP by both environmental factors and stomatal closure.  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of a long-term in situ chemical osmosis experiment in the Pierre Shale,South Dakota     

A.M. Garavito  H. Kooi  C.E. Neuzil 《Advances in water resources》2006

We have numerically modeled evolving fluid pressures and concentrations from a nine-year in situ osmosis experiment in the Pierre Shale, South Dakota. These data were obtained and recently interpreted by one of us (C.E.N.) as indicating a potentially significant role for chemical osmosis in media like the Pierre Shale. That analysis considered only the final pressure differentials among boreholes that were assumed to represent osmotic equilibrium. For this study, the system evolution was modeled using a recently developed transient model for membrane transport. The model simulates hydraulically and chemically driven fluid and solute transport. The results yield an estimate of the thickness of the water film between the clay platelets b of 40 Å, which corresponds to an osmotic efficiency σ of 0.21 for the ambient pore water salinity of 3.5 g/l TDS. These values largely confirm the results of the earlier equilibrium analysis. However, the new model analysis provides additional constraints suggesting that intrinsic permeability k = 1.4 × 10⁻¹⁹ m², specific storage S_s = 1.7 × 10⁻⁵ m⁻¹, and diffusion coefficient D* = 6 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s. The k value is larger than certain independent estimates which range from 10⁻²¹ to 10⁻²⁰; it may indicate opening of microcracks during the experiments. The fact that the complex transient pressure and concentration behavior for the individual wells could be reproduced quite accurately, and the inferred parameter values appear to be realistic for the Pierre Shale, suggests that the new model is a useful tool for modeling transient coupled flows in groundwater systems.  相似文献   

The effectiveness of spectral similarity measures for the analysis of hyperspectral imagery     

Freek van der Meer 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2006

In geological imaging spectrometry (i.e., hyperspectral remote sensing), surface compositional information (e.g., mineralogy and subsequently chemistry) is obtained by statistical comparison (by means of spectral matching algorithms) of known field- or library spectra to unknown image spectra. Though these algorithms are readily used, little emphasis has been given to comparison of the performance of the various spectral matching algorithms. Four spectral measures are presented: three that calculate the angle (spectral angle measure, SAM), the vector distance (Euclidean distance measure, ED) or the vector cross-correlation (spectral correlation measure, SCM), between a known reference and unknown target spectrum and a fourth measure that measures the discrepancy of probability distributions between two pixel vectors (the spectral information divergence, SID). The performance of these spectral similarity measures is compared using synthetic hyperspectral and real (i.e., Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer, AVIRIS) hyperspectral data of a (artificial or real) hydrothermal alteration system characterised by the minerals alunite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz. Two statistics are used to assess the performance of the spectral similarity measures: the probability of spectral discrimination (PSD) and the power of spectral discrimination (PWSD). The first relates to the ability of the selected set of spectral endmembers to map a target spectrum, whereas the second expresses the capability of a spectral measure to separate two classes relative to a reference class. Analysis of the synthetic data set (i.e., simulated alteration zones with crisp boundaries at 1–2 nm spectral resolution) shows that (1) the SID outperforms the classical empirical spectral matching techniques (SAM, SCM and ED), (2) that SCM (SID, SAM and ED do not) exploits the overall shape of the reflectance curve and hence its outcomes are (positively and negatively) affected by the spectral range selected, (3) SAM and ED give nearly similar results and (4) for the same reason as in (2), the SCM is also more sensitive (again in positive and negative sense) to the spectral noise added. Results from the study of AVIRIS data show that SAM yields more spectral confusion (i.e., class overlap) than SID and SCM. In turn, SID is more effective in mapping the four target minerals than SCM as it clearly outperforms SCM when the target mineral coincides with the mineral phase on the ground.  相似文献   

Indicator kriging applied to absorption band analysis in hyperspectral imagery: A case study from the Rodalquilar epithermal gold mining area,SE Spain     

Freek van der Meer 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2006

A new approach to the analysis of hyperspectral data for the purpose of surface compositional mapping is presented in this paper. We use an interpolated value of the absorption band position and the absorption band depth for the diagnostic of mineral absorption features. Using thresholds for this depth and position, the data is transformed to indicator [0,1] values. By kriging these values, we obtain the probability of exceeding certain absorption depth and the probability of a pixel exhibiting absorption features within a specified wavelength region. Using Bayesian statistics, the indicator kriging derived probabilities are used to produce a hard classification result. By adapting the prior probabilities to the dominant mineralogy in the various alteration facies mapped, data stratification is achieved. The classification results are compared to results derived using the spectral angle mapper and maximum likelihood classification. In addition, the results are statistically compared to field spectral data classified into dominant mineralogy. The indicator approach and the spectral angle mapper produce favourable results relative to field data and in comparison to the maximum likelihood classifier. A data set from the Rodalquilar high-sulfidation epithermal gold system in SE Spain, consisting of HyMAP airborne imaging spectrometer data and ASD field spectra focusing on the key minerals alunite, kaolinite, illite and chlorite, is used to illustrate the methodology.  相似文献   

增长曲线模型均值矩阵的一种新的相对效率     

胡桂开  彭萍  吴志强 《华东地质学院学报》2006,29(4):394-396

对于一般增长曲线模型,当设计阵和协方差阵满足一定的条件时,均值矩阵(XBZ)的最小二乘估计(LSE)与最佳线性无偏估计(BLUE)相等,可用LSE代替BLUE。当这些条件不满足时,用LSE代替BLUE就要蒙受一些损失,有时这种损失很大,因而研究这种损失的大小显得相当重要,通常用它们协方差阵的差异来度量,从不同的准则出发,可以定义不同的相对效率,利用广义行列式定义了一种新的相对效率,并给出了它们的下界。  相似文献   

吊舱式直升机频率域电磁系统 在广东龙门地区的勘查效果   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王卫平  方迎尧  郑广如 《物探与化探》2007,31(6):546-550

以2005年广东龙门地区1:5万比例尺的直升机航空电磁、磁综合测量资料为基础,并结合地质矿产资料,对广东龙门地区的航磁异常特征、航空电磁异常特征与矿产的关系进行了分析与研究.尤其是利用本次工作研究的电磁异常特征分类法对该区的航空电磁局部异常进行了分类,有效地识别了电磁干扰异常,优选了对找矿有意义的电磁异常.经过对优选的3处局部异常进行地面查证,空地异常对应良好,并指出了多处对找矿有意义的地下良导体.  相似文献   

农业水生产力研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘鹄  赵文智 《地球科学进展》2007,22(1):58-65

文章系统阐述了农业水生产力概念的发展过程，综合分析了影响农业水生产力的主要因素，详细列举了不同尺度上评估农业水生产力所需的水流及产出计算方法，给出了4种主要农作物在全球范围内的水生产力的分布范围与空间格局，并从提高水分利用效率、加强田间水资源管理、选择适宜的种植模式和栽培技术以及培育更加高效的农作物品种4个方面全面综述了各种水生产力提高策略。指出在未来的水生产力研究中还需要强调农户的参与以及学科间的协作，加强水生产力尺度效应、水权与水价问题、虚拟水交易、水生产力提高措施对环境影响等方面的研究。  相似文献   

水库拦沙期黄河下游洪水冲刷效率调整分析   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李小平  李文学  李勇  SHANG Hong-xia  尚红霞 《水科学进展》2007,18(1):44-51

分析了三门峡水库和小浪底水库拦沙期黄河下游低含沙量洪水的冲刷效率,结果显示:水库拦沙期黄河下游洪水的全沙冲刷效率在平均流量小于4 000 m3/s时随着洪水平均流量的增大而增大,当流量达到4 000 m3/s以后,冲刷效率随着流量的增大不再显著增加,基本保持在20 kg/m3。通过研究分组泥沙的冲刷效率,发现全沙冲刷效率在流量大于4 000 m3/s后细颗粒泥沙冲刷效率降低的幅度大于粗颗粒泥沙冲刷效率增加的幅度,河床细颗粒泥沙的补给能力对全沙冲刷效率具有决定性作用。建议在小浪底水库拦沙期,调控下泄流量使进入下游河道的洪水平均流量在4 000 m3/s左右,使黄河下游洪水的冲刷效率最大,从而实现利用有限的水资源产生最大的冲刷效益,增大下游河道的排洪能力。  相似文献